#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
string s;
int cur = 0 , ans = 0;
cin>>s;
for(int i = 0 ; i < s.length() ; i++)
{
if(s[i] == '(')
cur ++ , ans ++;
if(s[i] == ')' && cur > 0)
cur -- , ans ++;
}
cout<<ans - cur<<endl;
return 0;
}
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